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Therapeutic ultrasound operates at frequencies between 1 and 3 MHz in continuous or pulsed mode and develops thermal and mecahnical effects:
Thermal Effects
Thermal effects occur primarily in continuous mode. They are a result of sound absorption by the tissue. Heat develops mainly at boundary layers, i.e., at transition areas between skin, adipose tissue and bones. These reflect sound waves stronger than the surrounding tissue. The body responds to this stimulus by pumping fresh blood to the heated areas to cool them down. The stimulation of blood circulation and the warming effects in deep tissue layers result in pain relief and muscle relaxation.
Mechanische Effekte
Mechanical effects can be achieved in pulsed mode. Due to sound pressure, the molecules in the sonicated tissue experience vibrations and accelerations which have the effect of a high-frequency vibration massage. Stiff joints and tense muscles can be relaxed by the vibration of sound waves. These vibrations form cavitation bubbles in the body tissue which dissolve locally inflamed and hardened tissue structures.
Joints
Muscles
Tendons
Skin / tissue
Nerves
Since many of the sensitizers that are used for PDT (indocyanine green, chlorin e6, curcumin, etc.) not only react to laser light but also
to ultrasound waves, they can be used for sonodynamic tumor therapy as well.
Ultrasonic waves can cause cavitation effects to make cell walls more permeable.
Treatment of a neck tumor with low-power ultrasound (Frequency: 1 MHz, Intensity: 2 W/cm², Duration: 15 mins.) in combination with indocyanine green (ICG) as sonosensitizer.
